Which of the following validations does a constitutional amendment need after it has been proposed by both houses of congress? (4 points)

a. signature of the president

b. official filing with the secretary of state

c. support by a majority vote of the people

d. ratification by three-quarters of the states

For review 1. in terms of which government is sovereign, differentiate among a unitary system, a confed- eral system, and a federal system of government. 2. to which level of government does the constitution distribute the enumerated po implied powers? concurrent powers? reserved powers? provide several power. 3. what matters fall within the scope of state sovereignty? differentiate among dual federalism, cooperative federalism, centralized federalism, and conflicted federalism. how does the national government use grants-in-aid, mandates, and preemption to direct the policy of state and local governments? 6. what do we mean by intergovernmental relations? why is the term a good description of u.s. federalism today? 7. list several advantages and several disadvantages of a federal system.