What motives of state might have led james 1 to issue this declaration

the answer is b.

hope is

if triangle abc is congruent to triangle def, their interior angles are congruent, because congruent parts of congruent triangles are congruent (cpctc).

that means ∠d is congruent to ∠a; ∠d is equal to 8x - 2.

interior angles of all triangles add to equal 180 degrees, so you can set the sum of these interior angle values equal to 180 and solve for x.

180 = (8x - 2) + 22 + 72

180 = 8x - 2 + 22 + 72

180 = 8x + 92

88 = 8x

11 = x

x = 11

the answer to the question is punishment. or more specifically, positive punishment.

positive punishment occurs when a behavior is given a negative consequence for the individual doing the behavior.

sara no longer wants to ask questions (the behavior) because she is ridiculed by mr. smith (the punishment).

reinforcement is inaccurate because reinforcement always gives positive consequences for the individual doing the behavior, be it by introducing a pleasant consequence or removing an unpleasant one.