Operant shaping is often used in training various animals to perform tricks with hand signals being used to indicate which trick that the animal is to perform and food treats then being used as reinforcers. Thus, the trainer’s hand signals are serving as

the answer to the question is punishment. or more specifically, positive punishment.

positive punishment occurs when a behavior is given a negative consequence for the individual doing the behavior.

sara no longer wants to ask questions (the behavior) because she is ridiculed by mr. smith (the punishment).

reinforcement is inaccurate because reinforcement always gives positive consequences for the individual doing the behavior, be it by introducing a pleasant consequence or removing an unpleasant one.