You want to study how slapping students, without them expecting it, can affect their mile time in PE. Before your PE class starts, you slap every student who walks into PE class. Then you record the time it takes to complete their mile run and compare it to their older mile time. You found that the harder you slapped students, the bigger the improvement in their mile times (r = +0.93).-What is the dependent and independent variable?-How is the dependent variable operationally defined?-Explain how the parasympathetic response is involved in this study. -Does this research prove causation? Why or why not?