Two ecologists, Robert H. MacArthur and Edward Wilson, studied how organisms immigrate to islands and how their numbers change after colonization. They developed the island biogeography model to explain the composition and diversity of island species. The graph below shows the number of species versus the size of the Caribbean island: Use the Species by Area graph to answer the following:
Describe the relationship between species number and island size observed in the data.
Describe two additional factors that affect species richness on islands.

Scientists have found that most species on the same continent are more closely related to each other than to organisms on other continents. They hypothesize that this phenomenon is due to the evolution that occurred after the continents split apart, or in the case of island biogeography, after islands formed off the coast of mainland regions.
Explain the role of adaptive evolution in island biodiversity.
Describe one process that leads to speciation of islands.
Explain how the biodiversity of an island affects its ecological tolerance to change.
Explain how specialist species are affected when generalist species migrate to an island.

Island ecosystems experience ecological succession in different stages of their development.
Describe the process of primary succession on an island.
Describe the process of secondary succession on an island.
Identify two scenarios that lead to secondary succession on an island. Explain how these scenarios can affect island biodiversity.

There is a directly proportional relationship between species number and island size. Two factors that may affect species richness on islands include food availability and the presence of predators.

Adaptive evolution and island biodiversity

Adaptation refers to the evolutionary process by which species fit specific environmental (island) conditions.

Island biodiversity is a consequence of the adaptive process by which organisms can adjust to specific island conditions.

Speciation refers to the emergence of reproductive barriers between individuals of the same population, which occurs in islands due to geographic separation.

With higher tolerance to change, will be higher the biodiversity (i.e., number of species) of an island.

Generalist species can negatively affect specialist species living on an island because they can also fit the same environmental conditions (and therefore compete for limited resources).

Primary succession refers to the process by which species first colonize a lifeless habitat, whereas the second succession on the island occurs by new processes of migration.

Learn more about island biodiversity here:

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Timbre  (/ˈtæmbər/  tam-bər, also known as  tone color  or  tone quality  from  psychoacoustics) is the perceived sound quality of a  musical note, sound or tone. timbre distinguishes different types of sound production, such as  choir voices  and  musical instruments, such as  string instruments,  wind instruments, and  percussion  instruments. it also enables listeners to distinguish different instruments in the same category (e.g. an  oboe  and a  clarinet).the physical characteristics of sound that determine the perception of timbre include  spectrum  and  envelope. singers and instrumental musicians can change the timbre of the music they are singing/playing by using different singing or playing techniques. for example, a violinist can use different bowing styles or play on different parts of the string to obtain different timbres (e.g., playing  sul tasto  produces a light, airy timbre, whereas playing  sul ponticelloproduces a harsh, even and aggressive tone). on  electric guitar  and  electric piano, performers can change the timbre using  effects units  and  graphic equalizers.in simple terms, timbre is what makes a particular musical sound have a different sound from another, even when they have the same  pitch  and  loudness. for instance, it is the difference in sound between a guitar and a piano playing the same note at the same volume. both instruments can sound equally tuned in relation to each other as they play the same note, and while playing at the same amplitude level each instrument will still sound distinctively with its own unique tone color. experienced  musicians  are able to distinguish between different instruments of the same type based on their varied timbres, even if those instruments are playing notes at the same  pitch  and  loudness.

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