Factors affecting the UPS today

Economic:
Political:
Technology:

something that more overed sayed the samie is how they were govered they were govered by lords which is now called dictator ship

see below  

explanation:

all of the above

the answer to the question is punishment. or more specifically, positive punishment.

positive punishment occurs when a behavior is given a negative consequence for the individual doing the behavior.

sara no longer wants to ask questions (the behavior) because she is ridiculed by mr. smith (the punishment).

reinforcement is inaccurate because reinforcement always gives positive consequences for the individual doing the behavior, be it by introducing a pleasant consequence or removing an unpleasant one.