Identify the independent variable in the experiment described. Identify the plasmid that was used as a negative control for luciferase activity. Justify including the plasmid with the non-CD3Ɣ active promoter in the experiments.

answer:

a

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answer:

the crusades were organized by western european christians after centuries of muslim wars of expansion. their primary objectives were to stop the expansion of muslim states, to reclaim for christianity the holy land in the middle east, and to recapture territories that had formerly been christian.

explanation:

you can literally google this.