How has economic globalization influenced the 21st-century nationalist movements described in Source 1? Nationalist movements have faded as a result of increased global connections.
Nationalist movements have attacked globalization as a threat to local sovereignty.
Nationalist movements have promoted globalization as a form of economic freedom.
Nationalist movements have remained separate from globalized systems of exchange.

the answer to the question is punishment. or more specifically, positive punishment.

positive punishment occurs when a behavior is given a negative consequence for the individual doing the behavior.

sara no longer wants to ask questions (the behavior) because she is ridiculed by mr. smith (the punishment).

reinforcement is inaccurate because reinforcement always gives positive consequences for the individual doing the behavior, be it by introducing a pleasant consequence or removing an unpleasant one.