Researchers were interested in whether sport uniform color affects a player’s level of aggression. There were two groups in this study, a professional football team that had black uniforms and a professional football team that had non-black uniforms. Levels of aggression were measured by examining the number of penalties for each team recorded by the National Football League. The researchers’ hypothesis was that teams with black uniforms would have higher levels of aggression (more penalties) than teams with non-black uniforms (Frank & Gilovich,1988). What is the IV of this study: (1)

What is the DV of this study: (1)

What is a possible EV of this study? Explain: (2)

Rewrite this study’s hypothesis in general implication form using a directional hypothesis. (1)

Rewrite this study’s hypothesis in general implication form using a non-directional hypothesis. (1)