Which of the following is an example of cramming?

Why does the author attempt to convince the reader that what he has described of the middle colonies is factual?

On a certain portion of an experiment, a statistical test result yielded a p-value of 0.18. what can you conclude? 2(0.18) = 0.36 < 0.5; the test is not statistically significant. if the null hypothesis is true, one could expect to get a test statistic at least as extreme as that observed 18% of the time, so the test is not statistically significant. if the null hypothesis is true, one could expect to get a test statistic at least as extreme as that observed 82% of the time, so the test is not statistically significant. 0.18 > 0.05; the test is statistically significant. p = 1 - 0.18 = 0.82 > 0.05; the test is statistically significant.

Which statement describes absolute and apparent brightness? absolute brightness and apparent brightness are identical ways to describe the brightness of a star. absolute brightness and apparent brightness change with the distance from the star to the observer. absolute brightness depends on the distance from the star to the observer, whereas apparent brightness is always the same. absolute brightness is the actual amount of light produced by the star, whereas apparent brightness changes with distance from the observer.