During the romantic era, concerto composers typically wrote their own passage for the soloist to play alone, called the

Concerto

A showpiece written for a single instrument accmompanied by an ensemble (usually an orchestra or band) and has three movements

-Most written for a soloist with a full accompaniment (composers take the accompaniment and arrange it so it can be played on the piano

-Most important feature: contrast between the soloist and the full orchestra

-Most important form of solo instrumental music for the concert hall

Cadenza

-A brief interlude in a concerto in which the soloist plays alone

-Often improvised (can tell whether it is or not by looking at the number of pauses the soloist makes, how many of the same melodies are used, and does the conductor follow the soloist or the other way around)

Virtuoso

Musician that's considered among the finest performersin the world on his or her instrument

Movements

-Complete piece of music in itself, but is usually part of a larger work

-3 in a concerto

-Contrast in tempo in a fast-slow-fast sequence

Thematic Development

Manipulation or variation of a theme used in the developmental section of a sonata form

-Different forms help to create this

Theme

A melody

-Help build a thematic development

Motif

A fragment of a melody or rhythm in which a larger melody or rhythmic structure is built

-Help build a thematic development

Sonata Form

-First movement of a concerto

-Fast work in sonata form

-Characterized by melodic development and contrast versus repetition

-Contains melodies

1) Exposition

2) Development

3) Recapitulation

Exposition

The opening section of a sonata form in which the primary melodies of the work are presented

Recapitulation

The third part of a sonata form in which the primary melodies of the exposition are restated

Development

Used to extend, breakup, recharacterize, and develop the ideas of the exposition and recapitulation

Second movement of a concerto

Could be a number of different forms but is usually a lyrical movementwith song-like melodies

Final movement

Usually written in sonata or rondo form

Rondo

-Form based upon contrast and return to the original material

-No return to the original material like the sonata does (different melodies introduced instead)

-A B A C A D A (original already returns)

-At least one of the movements contains a short unacompanied section of music

-Builds tension

The Baroque Concerto (1600-1750)

-Music alternating between a full orchestra and a small group of players

Concertino

Group of soloists featured in a concerto

Concerto Grosso

-Early form of a concerto in which a group of instruments serve as the featurd performers and are contrasted with a larger group

-Distringuished from solo concerts with just one soloist

-Alternate between the full gruop and the smaller ensemble (exploited terraced dynamics and timbral changes)

-Also emphasized the solo concerto

Terraced dynamics

Sudden changes in volume

Antonio Vivaldi

-Priest that became the leader of music instruction at a school for orphaned kids in Venice and wrote most of his performed music at the school

-Most pieces written for the violin because his father was as violinist  

-Also wrote operas, chamber music, cantatas, and an oratorio

-Wrote the Four Seasons (program music with each movement accompanied by a poem that Vivaldi had actually written lines for)

Ritornello

Portion of the melody that recurs throughout the concerto

"Spring" from The Four Seasons, mvt 1

-Antonio Vivaldi  

-Program music  

-Sounds that evoke images of birds, thunderstorms, running water, and wind

-Alternation between the violin and orchestra

-Baroque era concerto

-Terraced dynamics

here u go

hope i