The album recorded by coltrane in 1959 included several pieces that make use of a sustained or repeated note in the bass over which the melodies and harmonies move; this sustained or repeated note is known as:

Pedal point

Explanation:

John Coltrane, an African American, is known as a composer and saxophonist. He became famous in 20th-century by producing jazz albums like Giant Steps, A Love Supreme and My Favorite Things. Pedal Point tone is found in John Coltrane's two albums Naima in 1959 and later in Giant Steps in 1960.                

changeable lenses of different focal lengths allows light to enter the camera,which then forms the image on light-sensitive film;

your answer would be d.)