MacIntyre's revisions of Aristotle do not work. Consider the possibility of evil practices. Torture for example, could be said to have standards of excellence, and practitioners develop virtues in the extraction of knowledge. Perhaps there are even internal goods that can only be realized through the practice of torture. Since torture is an evil practice, it follows that MacIntyre's thinking gives rise to the possibilities of excellent torturers or virtuous Nazis. Philosophically comment on this criticism. (MacIntyre's revisions of Aristotle). How could this claim be philosophically refuted by Alasdair MacIntyre? He is an American author of "After Virtue".