"what new instrument was added to the orchestra in the classical period"

answer; i believe the correct answer is (forms with no projecting parts that could break;

the answer is b. i'm positive it's that answer.

a chromatic scale uses the twelve tones of the octave, while a regular scale only uses eight, or seven different notes (as the first note is played twice)

i'm not sure i completely understand your question, but i will do my best.

i think the answer you are looking for is sequence. (see below)

a repeated melodic fragment would be best defined as repetition, while repeated chords (different or the same) could be a chord progression. however, you then mentioned the chord and melodic fragment beginning on higher or lower pitches, in that case, the answer could be best defined as a sequence. the definition of a sequence is as follows: "the restatement of a motif or longer melodic (or harmonic) passage at a higher or lower pitch in the same voice."

let me know if this !