Criticism or Criticism is a literary genre that discusses the merits and demerits of an object/subject, keeping in mind its goal, and its suitability. The beginning of Hindi criticism is considered to be from the Bharatendu era in the second half of the 19th century. The literal meaning of 'criticism' is 'to see well'.
The word 'criticism' is derived from the root 'luch'. 'Luch' means 'to see'. The words review and critique have the same meaning. The synonym of the word 'criticism' in English is 'criticism'. The word criticism is also used for 'commentation-interpretation' and 'poetry-theory' prevalent in Sanskrit, but Acharya Ramchandra Shukla's clear opinion is that modern criticism is a thing independent of the poetic theory of Sanskrit. The task of criticism is to examine a literary work thoroughly and determine its form, quality and economics.
Dr. Shyamsundar Das has given the definition of criticism in these words:
If we consider literature to be an interpretation of life, then criticism has to be regarded as an explanation of that interpretation.
That is, the duty of criticism is the analytical interpretation of a literary work. From the synthesis of the elements of life and experience that the writer creates literature, criticism analyzes those elements. Where the raga element is predominant in literature, there is an intellect element in criticism. Criticism also assesses historical, social, political conditions and traditions and discusses their impact on literature.
Criticism is not a religion to criticize or praise a work on the basis of personal interest. Method and method are important in criticism for interpretation and analysis of work. While criticizing, the critic can avoid his personal anger, hatred, interest and dislike, only when he follows the method, only then he can objectively do justice to the literature. From this point of view, in Hindi, Acharya Ramchandra Shukla is considered the best critic. [By whom?]
types of criticism
The types of criticism are developed according to the beliefs and practices that are accepted when criticizing. Generally four types of review have been accepted:-
theoretical criticism
judgmental criticism
effective criticism
explanatory criticism
theoretical criticism
Theoretical criticism deals with the principles of literature. In this, the modern beliefs and rules of the ancient classical poetry - Ras, Alankar etc. and literature are mainly discussed. The point of consideration in doctrinal criticism is whether the criterion of literature is classical or historical. The classical form of norms is fixed and unchanging, but when norms are considered as a historical category, their nature is variable and developmental. Both types of theoretical criticisms are available. But now the importance of the same theoretical criticism is more, which considers the elements and rules of literature to be developing in the historical process.
judgmental criticism
When the merits and demerits of literature, the best and the worst, are decided on the basis of certain principles, then it is called conclusive criticism. It is also considered a type of moral criticism. Its main nature is to give judgment on literary works like a judge. Such criticism often makes use of the theory in a mechanical way. Therefore, the importance of judgmental criticism becomes less.
Although creating a sense of value or superior literature and inferior literature is one of the main religions of criticism, but it is not possible through the mechanical use of principles. In the 'Hindi Sahitya Kosh', it has been told about critical criticism:
She gives judgment regarding the superiority or superiority of the works. In this decision, she takes help from the rules related to literature and art, but these rules are imposed externally by intuitively relating to literature and art.
Thus, in criticism, the decision is not so much the point of contention as the method adopted for the decision. As such, there is value judgment in the criticism of Ramchandra Shukla, but his method is creative, not mechanical. In judgmental criticism, there is no flexibility in both value and method.
effective criticism
In this criticism, the effect of poetry that falls on the critic's mind, he engages it in the lavish phrasing. Personal interest is the main thing in this. Impressive critique is not a solid thing. It has no value neither in the field of knowledge nor in the field of emotion.
