What is the function of a toll-like receptor? to bind to surface molecules present on phagocytes to bind to surface molecules present on pathogens to bind to cytokines to facilitate the extravasation of phagocytes?

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Paleontologists have found plant fossils deep within the layers of the north polar region. these leaf fossils have been labeled as to the rock layers they were found in, with the lower numbers being layers close to the earth's surface and higher numbers representing deeper layers. according to the numbers of these four leaf fossils, what might you infer?

If all prokaryotes on earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be the mostlikely and most direct result? a) the number of organisms on earth would decrease by 10—20%.b) human populations would thrive in the absence of disease.c) bacteriophage numbers would dramatically increase.d) the recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially.e) there would be no more pathogens on earth.