Although stress exposure initiates integrated responses by multiple systems, the functional results are first manifested as: select all that apply.

The functional results are first manifested as;
Enhanced respiratory rate or depth; increased alertness and focus and increased glucose utilization. Also the functional changes are first manifested by the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system interacts with the immune system in modulating response to stress. Neuroendocrine system is a complex regulatory mechanism that includes the hypothalamus, the pituitary and its connection to the brain and the extrahypothalamic regions.