When lemming populations decline, populations of arctic foxes also decrease. the limiting factor on the population of arctic foxes is density-independent density-dependent abiotic exponential

The limiting factor on the population of Arctic foxes is density-dependent. In population ecology, density-dependent processes happen when population growth rates are regulated by the density of a population. Density-dependent factors are factors where the effects on the size or growth of a population vary with the density of the population itself.

b. lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere   is the answer most likely