Maria, a 8-week-old hispanic female, is brought to the clinic for a follow-up visit by her parents. she was diagnosed and treated for an ear infection 2 weeks earlier, which has now recurred. her mother states that maria has not been eating, is very sleepy, seems to be breathing rapidly, and has developed a fever. due to the frequent infections that maria has had so early in life, maria was evaluated for a primary immunodeficiency. 1. what is pathophysiology of primary immunodeficiency?

The primary immunodeficiency diseases are a group of diseases in which a part of the immune system of the patient is either not working properly or completely missing. These diseases are caused by genetic and heredity disorders. Because of the decreased immunity in the patients, they are prone to various infections, such as skin, throat, ears, lungs, sinus, spinal cord or brain. These infections in the patients of the primary immunodeficiency diseases keep recurring making it difficult for them to live a normal healthy life. The increased susceptibility to infections makes them weaker.

picture a world where computers are building made-to-order personalized robotic arms and synthetic organs, drones are circulating above mars! due to the rapid growth of technology, the future has never been more unpredictable, and it presents a huge challenge in education: we are teaching students how to work in a future that we have never been unsure of. it is widely predicted that in eight years’ time, there will be more jobs in the fields of science, mathematics, technology and engineering than in any other discipline. and, as the technology continues to develop, it will soon become clear that addressing social problems will involve more innovative thinking, and analytical and technical knowledge than ever before. undeniably, there are no subjects that encourage innovative and creative thinking, deep thought, problem solving and independence more than the stem subjects. while it is widely commented on that there is a need to reimagine the ways stem subjects are taught in schools by embracing a more interactive and innovative approach to appeal to more students, it should come as no surprise that some of the most reputable educational organizations in the world are already implementing changes to embrace stem. harvard, for example, announced in 2014 that they were increasing their computer science faculty by over 50% and has since introduced computer science as a core subject for all freshmen. the urgency of supporting stem subjects at a young age is becoming more relevant than ever, as adopting a keen interest in the curricula needs to happen early. however, beyond the age issue is one of gender.

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