Describe, in detail, to a freshman undergraduate student the basic principle underlying the separation of dna using agarose gel electrophoresis. explain the difference between a running buffer and a loading dye.

Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique performed with the objective of separating molecules according to their size and electrical charge so that diseases can be diagnosed, protein expression verified or microorganisms can be identified.

The difference between a buffer and a loading dye is that the buffer is used to increase the sample density and color the sample, while the loading dye is used to color the sample and allow visualization of the electrophoresis result. under ultraviolet light.

Explanation:

Electrophoresis requires the gel, which may be polyacrylamide or agarose depending on the purpose, electrophoresis buffer and vat, molecular weight marker and fluorescent dye, as well as UV or LED light equipment, also known as a transilluminator.

After preparation of the gel, a specific object should be placed to make the wells in the gel, popularly called comb, and let the gel settle. When the gel is ready, simply apply the substances to the wells. For this, a molecular weight marker must be placed in one of the wells, a positive control, which is the known substance, a negative control, which guarantees the validity of the reaction, and the samples to be analyzed. All samples should be mixed with a fluorescent dye, as this allows visualization of the bands on the transilluminator.

The sample gel should be placed in the electrophoresis vat, which contains the specific buffer solution, and then the device is turned on so that there is electric current and therefore potential difference, which is important for separation. particles according to their charge and size. The electrophoretic run time varies according to the purpose of the procedure and may last up to 1 hour.

After the given time, it is possible to view the result of the electrophoretic run through the transilluminator. When the gel is placed under UV or LED light, the band pattern can be seen: the larger the molecule, the smaller its migration, getting closer to the well, while the lighter the molecule, the greater the migratory potential.

the level of progesterone is low at the pre-ovulatory phase of the cycle but it gradually increases and the levels are high at the luteal phase. if pregnancy occurs, the level of progesterone will be high throughout the pregnancy.

if egg is fertilized and the mother gets pregnant, progesterone starts preparing the uterus for the implantation. it starts building up the lining of uterus and make it hostile of the period of pregnancy.

the "power" of a lens is its resolution power, or its ability to distinguish between to closely located points. with the low power lens, it is likely you will see the rough form of the hay and maybe some movement of dots around the hay. however, when observed with the high power lens, the detailed features of the hay become visible and the microbes being grown are more clearly visible.

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