How do motor proteins called dyneins cause movement of cilia?

Dynein is a cytoskeletal motor protein that moves along microtubules in cells. Dynein has the ability to convert the chemical energy stored in ATP (breaking the ATP) to mechanical work and that is the way it enables the movement. Because it moves towards the minus-end of the microtubules, dynein is called "minus-end directed motor". Dynein is attached to a doublet microtubule (which is the elementary structure of cilia) and by moving along an adjacent microtubule, the dynein motors can cause the microtubules to slide against each other and thus make the move of cilia.

Answer;

A dynein molecule performs complex cycle of movement caused by changes in shape of the protein. ATP provides energy.

Explanation;

-Dynein is a family of cytoskeletal motor proteins that move along microtubules in cells. They convert the chemical energy stored in ATP to mechanical work. Dyneins travel toward the minus end of the microtubule (towards the center of the cell).

-Dynein transports various cellular cargos, provides forces and displacements important in mitosis, and drives the beat of eukaryotic cilia and flagella.

the answer that best describes the relative refractory period in the neuron is the resting membrane potential is restored, but concentrations of sodium and potassium are not restored to their original state.

the refractory period is the time during which another stimulus given to the neuron will not lead to a second potential. thus, because na+ channels are inactivated during this time, additional depolarizing stimuli do not lead to new action potentials.  

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