An enzyme is denaturedwhen it loses its native conformation and its biological activity. 2. an enzyme is considered a catalystbecause it speeds up chemical reactions without being used up. 3. an enzyme is considered active sitebecause of its ability to recognize the shape of a particular molecule. 4. a complex, such as a vitamin, binds to an enzyme and plays a role in catalysis. 5. when properly aligned, the enzyme and substrate form an enzyme-substrate (es)specific. 6. a substrate binds to an enzyme at the cofactor, where the reaction occurs. 7. in a catalyzed reaction a reactant is often called a substrate.

1. Answer;

-Denatured

An enzyme is denatured when it loses its native conformation and its biological activity.  

Explanation;

-When an enzyme becomes denatured, it has lost some of its original properties. Denaturing can occur because of heat or from chemical reactions that have rendered the enzyme inactive.

-When enzymes denature, they are no longer active and cannot function. Extreme temperature and the wrong levels of pH; a measure of a substance's acidity or alkalinity; can cause enzymes to become denatured.

2. Answer;

-Catalyst

An enzyme is considered a catalyst because it speeds up chemical reactions without being used up.  

Explanation;

-Enzymes are proteins functioning as catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy. A simple and succinct definition of an enzyme is that it is a biological catalyst that accelerates a chemical reaction without altering its equilibrium.

-A catalyst is a chemical that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed by the reaction.

3. Answer;

-Specific

An enzyme is considered specific because of its ability to recognize the shape of a particular molecule.  

Explanation;

-Enzymes are highly selective catalysts, meaning that each enzyme only speeds up a specific reaction.

-Enzymes bind with chemical reactants called substrates. There may be one or more substrates for each type of enzyme, depending on the particular chemical reaction. In some reactions, a single-reactant substrate is broken down into multiple products.

4. Answer;

-Cofactor

A cofactor, such as a vitamin, binds to an enzyme and plays a role in catalysis.

Explanation;

-Cofactors, mostly metal ions or coenzymes, are inorganic and organic chemicals that assist enzymes during the catalysis of reactions. Coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules that are mostly derivatives of vitamins soluble in water by phosphorylation; they bind apoenzyme to proteins to produce an active holoenzyme.

5. Answer;

- Complex  

When properly aligned, the enzyme and substrate form an enzyme-substrate ES complex.

Explanation;

The intermediate formed when a substrate molecule interacts with the active site of an enzyme. Following the formation of an enzyme–substrate complex, the substrate molecule undergoes a chemical reaction and is converted into a new product. Various mechanisms for the formation of enzyme–substrate complexes have been suggested, including the induced-fit model and the lock-and-key mechanism.

6. Answer;

-Active site  

A substrate binds to an enzyme at the active site, where the reaction occurs.

Explanation;

-The active site of an enzyme, where substrate molecules are bound and undergo a chemical reaction. That active site consists of the residues that form temporary bonds with the substrate and the residues catalyze a reaction of that substrate.

-Since enzymes are proteins, this site is composed of a unique combination of amino acid residues (side chains or R groups). Each amino acid residue can be large or small; weakly acidic or basic; hydrophilic or hydrophobic; and positively-charged, negatively-charged, or neutral.  

7. Answer;

-Substrate  

In a catalyzed reaction a reactant is often called a substrate.

Explanation;

A substrate is the substance upon which an enzyme acts in an enzymatic reaction. Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy required for that reaction. An enzyme catalyzes a chemical reaction converting a substrate reactant to a product.

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some scientists like gregory adcock agree with thorne's theory of regional continuity.

others, like chris stringer and ian tattersall, believe thorne's results may be contaminated or misinterpreted.