Describe an approach for understanding global systems and the changes they undergo

Solution:

It is to apply genomic knowledge effectively in

drug discovery, mechanistic connectivities

between genetic variation and disease

processes need to be established via

systems biology approaches. Humans have

hundreds of functionally specialized cell

types that interact differentially with

environmental factors to influence disease

development and to modulate the effects of

drugs. Metabonomics can provide a means

of modelling these interactions, but the

relationships between ‘endogenous’

metabolic processes and

‘xenobiotic’ metabolism

are poorly understood, especially with

respect to environmental factors. We

present an overview of ‘global’ mammalian

metabolic conversions that should be

accounted for in human systems biology

models and propose a new probabilistic. Approach to help understand gene–disease relationships and vexed

issues of idiosyncratic drug toxicit etc.

Thus this is the required answer.  

It is to apply genomic knowledge effectively in

drug discovery, mechanistic connectivities

between genetic variation and disease

processes need to be established via

systems biology approaches. Humans have

hundreds of functionally specialized cell

types that interact differentially with

environmental factors to influence disease

development and to modulate the effects of

drugs. Metabonomics can provide a means

of modelling these interactions, but the

relationships between ‘endogenous’

metabolic processes and

‘xenobiotic’ metabolism

are poorly understood, especially with

respect to environmental factors. We

present an overview of ‘global’ mammalian

metabolic conversions that should be

accounted for in human systems biology

models and propose a new probabilistic. Approach to help understand gene–disease relationships and vexed

issues of idiosyncratic drug toxicit etc.

Thus this is the required answer.  

Explanation:

both anaerobic and aerobic respiration use glucose (or other carbohydrates), proteins and lipids to produce atp and nadh. cell uses those energy molecules, obtained from food and   breaks them down during the chemical reactions of respiration. in anaerobic respiration, nadh is regenerated to nad+ by enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (lactate is produced, e.g. in muscle cells) or by alcohol dehydrogenase where ethanol is produced (alcohol fermentation), while in aerobic respiration, electrons from nadh are deposited in the mitochondria to regenerate nad+ (electron transport chain. anaerobic respiration produces 2 atp per molecule of glucose compared to aerobic respiration where about 38 atp molecules are produced.

the glands which are associated with each description is given below: