1) a student wondered if butterflies would show any differences in their wing color if, as caterpillars, they were grown in the dark or grown in bright white light. which statement would be a possible hypothesis for an experiment to test this idea?

Light can influence gene expression at caterpillar stage which can further influence butterfly wing development. This hypothesis was proved by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1917 a biologist who conducted studies on butterflies from two different species : Vanessa urtica and Vanessa io caterpillars under red, green, or blue light whereas other caterpillars were kept in the dark. He found that there were differences in color and size of wings of  butterflies exposed to different light conditions. Exposure to red light resulted in bright colored wings while exposure to green light resulted in dusky wings. Blue light and dark light resulted in paler colored wings. Also, V. urtica caterpillars reared under blue light and V.io butterflies reared in dark wings developed were larger in size.

Therefore light which is an external environmental factor can influence gene expression which can further influence phenotype of the organism.

Hence in the given situation butterfly would show differences in their wing color if in the caterpillar stage they were grown in dark or bright white light.

a covalent bond, specfically triple bond