Define reasoning and justifications.

“Reasoning is a process of thinking during which the individual is aware of a problem identifies, evaluates, and decides upon a solution”

It is the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way.

A justification for something is an acceptable reason or explanation for it. It is  an acceptable reason for doing something, something that justifies an act or way of behaving could provide no justification for his decision.

the sphincter muscles at the end of the digestive tract is the anus.

emerging idea only occurs as a raw idea that could appear out of nowhere. meanwhile, to reach scientific consensus , that idea must be structured and tested over and over again through various experiments. the scientific consensus transforms the raw idea into idea that is more reliable through the process of scientific elimination.