What problems would you expect to observe in an ecosystem without primary consumers?

Plzzz hurry im being timed ! humans, like other organisms, require energy for growth and repair. when cells create atp for energy, carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product. how does the body respond to this process in order to maintain homeostasis? a. the digestive and respiratory systems interact to move carbon dioxide to the lower intestine, where it is transformed into methane. b. the circulatory and digestive systems interact to move carbon dioxide to the stomach, where it to break down food. c. the nervous and urinary systems interact to move carbon dioxide to the kidneys, where it is absorbed into the bloodstream. d. the circulatory and respiratory systems interact to transport carbon dioxide to the lungs, where it is expelled from the body.

To answer this question, researchers studied populations of the dusky salamander (desmognathus ochrophaeus) living on different mountain ranges in the southern appalachian mountains. the researchers tested the reproductive isolation of pairs of salamander populations by leaving one male and one female together and later checking the females for the presence of sperm. four mating combinations were tested for each pair of populations (a and b)—two within the same population (female a with male a and female b with male b) and two between populations (female a with male b and female b with male a). the proportion of successful matings for each mating combination was measured. for example, when all the matings of a particular combination were successful, the researchers gave it a value of 1; when none of the matings were successful, they gave it a value of 0. then the researchers calculated an index of reproductive isolation that ranged from 0 (no isolation) to 2 (full isolation). the reproductive isolation value for two populations is the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type within populations (aa + bb) minus the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type between populations (ab + ba). the table provides data for the geographic distances and reproductive isolation values for 27 pairs of dusky salamander populations.

Which of the following produces carbon dioxide? a. plants b. animals c. decomposers d. all of the above