Write a paragraph explaining why the effect of mutations can vary widely - from neutral to harmful to beneficial

Hi,

The word mutation come from word mutate, that means to change. In Biology, a mutations means a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Since DNA sequence encodes for proteins, when a mutation occurs in part of DNA (gene) it causes a different than usual protein which had to be expressed.

For example:

Now how these mutations affect an organism in which they took place?

The answer is, mutations can be beneficial, harmful and even neutral.

A mutations is beneficial when the sequence changes in such a way that the new protein gives beneficial characteristics to the organism. For instance, a mutation occurs in the DNA of bacteria which enhances its resistance against antibiotics, so the bacteria can live longer. This is a beneficial mutation for bacteria. Sometimes, the mutations can be lethal and very hamrful. For instance, when a mutation occurs in the coding region of a gene for certain trait of organism like skin type, skin color. If mutation happens in coding region of skin type, in such a way that new protein formed is not  correct, it can heavily harm. Like a mutation changes the skin color of people living in hot areas from from dark to pale color. The pale color is prone to more damage than dark color, therefore, these skins are easily burnt and can causes skin cancer and other skins problems to people. Similarly, some mutations can be neutral and they cause neither benefit, nor harm, no effect on organism. These are called silent mutations because the DNA sequence is changed in such a way that new protein is same as old protein. For example there is a gene having part CCG, after mutation it changes to CCA. Both will code for the same protein Glycine and will have no effect on overall phenotype of organism.

Hope it help!

the oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which return it to the left heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. this blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. from the left ventricle, the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta.

deoxygenated blood leaves through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery. from the right atrium, the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve), into the right ventricle.