Garrod hypothesized that "inborn errors of metabolism" such as alkaptonuria occur because 21)

a. many metabolic enzymes use dna as a cofactor, and affected individuals have mutations that prevent their enzymes from interacting efficiently with dna.

b. metabolic enzymes require vitamin cofactors, and affected individuals have significant nutritional deficiencies.

c. enzymes are made of dna, and affected individuals lack dna polymerase.

d. genes dictate the production of specific enzymes, and affected individuals have genetic defects that cause them to lack certain enzymes.

e. certain metabolic reactions are carried out by ribozymes, and affected individuals lack key splicing factors.

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➷ The correct option would be D. genes dictate the production of specific enzymes, and affected individuals have genetic defects that cause them to lack certain enzymes.

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answer: carbon 14 can only be used to determine the age of the organisms that were once living, and igneous rocks are non living.

explanation:

carbon 14 dating is used to determine the age of the sample by estimating the amount of carbon 14 present in the sample and then comparing it with a reference standard.carbon 14 is a isotope of carbon which is radioactive and unstable. carbon 14 is assimilated by all plants and animals throughout their life from carbon dioxide. however, one the organisms die they stop this assimilation and the carbon 14 content starts to decrease.by knowing how much of carbon 14 is left in an organism after his death, one can estimate the age of the organism. the materials whose age can be estimated by carbon 14 method are the organic compounds. however, some inorganic compounds such as aragonite   shell can also be dated.however, if we consider the igneous rocks it is a non living component which never accumulated carbon 14 in it and thus, we cannot use carbon 14 dating method to estimate its age.