Does the process of primary succession take longer in a tropical or an arctic area, why?

When analyzing tree rings, what do scientists assume a thin ring indicates?

Grasses--> mice--> cats--> coyotes suppose 10,000 units of energy are available at the level of the grasses. what is the total number of energy units lost by the time energy reaches the coyote?

The color of the fur is the genotypephenotype.the genetic combination of alleles that determine the fur color is called the genotypephenotype.