Botox® is a protease from the bacterium clostridium botulinum. low concentrations of this toxin are commonly used to eliminate wrinkles, because it prevents the secretion of acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter), thus blocking nerve impulses to muscles underneath.
rickman et al. (2004; jbc 279: 644) investigated whether the botulinum toxin had any direct effects on the snares involved in release of acetylcholine. the t-snare, snap-25, forms a dimer with another t-snare (syntaxin, labeled syx) that then binds to the v-snare to allow vesicle fusion. in all cases the scale bar shown is 5 μm.

this protocol provides a detailed procedure for co-immunoprecipitation (co-ip) to identify protein–protein interactions.

the answers are as following:

1. c. double helix, nucleosome, coil, supercoil, chromosome

2. b. g2 phase, preparation for mitosis

3. d. interphase consists of the g1, s, and g2 phases

4. c. metaphase

5. a. chromosomes are duplicated before cell division so that each new daughter cell has a complete set

1) a

2)c

3)a

4)c

5)b

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