What are the physiological reactions to stress in the alarm stage

Physiological reactions to stress in the alarm stage include: increased heart rate and blood pressure, dilated pupils, rapid and shallow breath, and increased cortisol levels.

Explanation:

Hans Seyle, a medical doctor proposed a model called the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) to explain the effects and stages of coping with the stress. The GAS model has three stages, known as:

1. Alarm stage

2. Resistance stage

3. Exhaustion stage

The alarm stage is the first stage of responding to stress. During this stage, the fight-or-flight response is activated when an individual is experiencing stress. This stage involves the following physiological reactions:

1. Increased heart rate

2. Increased blood pressure

3.  Dilated pupils

4. Rapid and shallow breath

5. Increased cortisol levels

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there are mainly three domains in biological classification namely; archaea, bacteria, and eukarya.

archaea includes all the prokaryotic cells which are characterized by their lipid membranes. they have branched hydrocarbon which is attached to glycerol through an ether linkage.

bacteria includes all the prokaryotic cells, the cell membrane of which are made up of the unbranched fatty acid chain. in addition, they are attached to glycerol through an ester bond.

eukarya includes all the eukaryotic cells, that is, the cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound cell organelles.

they can be autotrophic as well as heterotrophic, unicellular as well as multicellular

they include kingdoms like protista, plantae, animalia, fungi et cetera.

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