Which of the following is not a component of soil?
a organic material
b. minerals
c. gases
d. none of the above

The answer is D. none of the above

Explanation:

Components of soil: The four major components of soil are shown: inorganic minerals, organic matter, water, and air.

The correct answer is d. none of the above

Explanation:

Soil contains organic molecules, inorganic molecules, air, and water. Most of the part in the soil is made up of inorganic minerals which constitute about  45%of total soil composition.

Air and water together constitute about 50 % of total soil and the rest of the soil is composed of is organic matter which constitute about 5 % of total components of the soil.  

Minerals are formed by breaking of rocks into fine particles and some important minerals are iron, phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulfur, etc. Organic matter comes from dead and decaying animals and plant. Gases present in soil are oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.

So the correct answer is d. none of the above.

not necessarily. higher fitness requires the organism to be reproductive successful. for example, an organism at age 10 with 15 offspring is much more fit than an organism at age 15 with only 5 offspring.