Antigen processing and presentation is a way for viruses to infect cells. is the way foreign cells engulf macrophages. is a way for a cell to give information about its activities. is only accomplished by bacterial cells

is a way for a cell to give information about its activities.

Explanation:

Antigen processing refers to the process during which the antigens are degraded into small fragments. The small antigenic fragments that join the MHC molecules. The antigen-MHC complex is then presented on the surface of the plasma membrane of antigen-presenting cells. In this way, antigen processing and antigen presentation inform other immune cells about the presence of antigens/pathogen in the body.

For example, the T cells present in the lymphatic tissues are activated when they recognize the antigen-MHC II complexes and trigger the adaptive immune response.

advantage of using stem cells in medical research:

1.       it provides medical benefits in the fields of therapeutic cloning and regenerative medicine.

2. it provides great potential for discovering treatments and cures to a variety of diseases including parkinson disease, spinal cord injuries, diabetes, alzheimer’s disease and many more.

3. limbs and organ could be grown in lab from stem cells and then used in transplant or treat illness.