How does scientific knowledge continue to change over time?
a. each new discovery is based on new data and ignores any
previous investigations.
b. living systems are constantly changing, so previous explanations
may no longer apply.
c. scientists try new ideas to keep their work interesting.
d. scientists evaluate current assumptions and explanations as new
data and technology become available.

To answer this question, researchers studied populations of the dusky salamander (desmognathus ochrophaeus) living on different mountain ranges in the southern appalachian mountains. the researchers tested the reproductive isolation of pairs of salamander populations by leaving one male and one female together and later checking the females for the presence of sperm. four mating combinations were tested for each pair of populations (a and b)—two within the same population (female a with male a and female b with male b) and two between populations (female a with male b and female b with male a). the proportion of successful matings for each mating combination was measured. for example, when all the matings of a particular combination were successful, the researchers gave it a value of 1; when none of the matings were successful, they gave it a value of 0. then the researchers calculated an index of reproductive isolation that ranged from 0 (no isolation) to 2 (full isolation). the reproductive isolation value for two populations is the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type within populations (aa + bb) minus the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type between populations (ab + ba). the table provides data for the geographic distances and reproductive isolation values for 27 pairs of dusky salamander populations.

When the oxygen produced by photosynthetic plants in the water dissolves in the water, which of these is being formed?

Which cell organelle is the site for photosynthesis? a. chloroplast b. endoplasmic reticulum c. golgi apparatus d. lysosome