What is the net volume of fresh air that enters the alveoli each minute, assuming that the breathing rate is 10 breaths/min, the tidal volume is 800 ml/breath, and the nonalveolar respiratory system volume (dead space) is 150 ml?

6,500 mL

Explanation:

We are asked to find the total volume of air that effectively entered to the alveoli in one minute so that oxygen could be exchanged for carbon dioxide and leave the body through exhalation.

The problem says that the normal breathing rate is 10 breaths per minute, and for each breathe it takes 800 mL of air. But not all air enters the alveoli because it says there are 150 mL that are not effectively used by the alveoli. Therefore, the net amount of air used in each breathe is 800 ml - 150mL, giving us a total amount of 650 mL of air.

Now that we have the net amount of air for each breathe, we have to multiply it by the total breaths a body makes in one minute. In this case, the breathing rate is 10 breaths/min.

So, to obtain the final answer we just need to multiply the amount of net air per breathe (650 mL) times the number of breathes in one minute (10 breathes); that is 650 mL/breath x 10 breaths and gives us 6,500 mL.

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an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.