Which is a pair of opposing forces that act on water as it goes down through the soil?
a. condensation and capillary action
b. permeability and gravity
c. capillary action and gravity
d. porosity and capillary action

C. Capillary action and gravity

Explanation:

Capillary action lets water "stick" to the walls of the soil,  and gravity pulls it down, therfore opposing its force

The correct answer is option C, that is, capillary action and gravity.

Explanation:

Capillary action plays an essential role in moving the water around. It is illustrated as the movement of water inside the spaces of a porous substance because of the forces of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension.  

Capillary action takes place as water is sticky, and due to the forces of cohesion and adhesion, the molecules of water are fascinated towards each other and stick to other components. Capillary action takes place when the adhesion to the walls is robust in comparison to the cohesive forces between the molecules of the liquid. However, capillary action is restricted by the forces that work against it, that is, surface tension and gravity.  

not too sure but maybe in the hot springs.

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.