This chapter explains how the emergent properties of water contribute to the suitability of the environment for life. until fairly recently, scientists assumed that other physical requirements for life included a moderate range of temperature, ph, atmospheric pressure, and salinity, as well as low levels of toxic chemicals. that view has changed with the discovery of organisms known as extremophiles, which have been found flourishing in hot, acidic sulfur springs, around hydrothermal vents deep in the ocean, and in soils with high levels of toxic metals. why would astrobiologists be interested in studying extremophiles? what does the existence of life in such extreme environments say about the possibility of life on other planets?