All of the following statements regarding the pathogens that cause tetanus, anthrax, and botulism are correct except:
(if all of the statements are correct, choose the final answer.
a. all three pathogens are soil-bacteria.
b. all three pathogens are obligate anaerobes.
c. all three pathogens produce endospores.
d. all three pathogens produce exotoxins
e. all of the above are true for tetanus, anthrax, and botulism

b. all three pathogens are obligate anaerobes.

Explanation:

Tetanus is caused by an exotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which is normally found in the soil, although it may be present in the intestines of mammals. It is an anoxic and spore-forming bacteria. It enters the body through wounds or deep punctures, finding in the wound the anoxic conditions to germinate its spores, producing its potent toxin.

Anthrax is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, which is a stationary and endospore-forming bacteria that is resistant to high temperatures and chemicals. It is a strictly aerobic bacterium and can be found naturally in the soil. Both animals and humans can breathe or ingest spores of this bacterium by consuming meat or contaminated water. When spores get into the body, their turn into active cells and produce exotoxins

Botulism is caused by the pathogen Clostridium botulinum, a strict anaerobic bacillus, producing endospores and 8 different types of toxins. Being a soil-borne bacterium, it usually appears in the food of animal and vegetable origin.

the african cheetah.

this species has a relatively low level of genetic

variation because the population was reduced to a small size approxi-

mately 10,000 to 12,000 years ago.

chapter   outline

24.1

genes in populations and the hardy-

weinberg equation

24.2

factors that change allele and genotype

frequencies in populations

24.3     sources of new genetic variation

population   genetics

24

until   now,   we   have   primarily   focused   our   attention   on   genes  

within   individuals   and   their   related   family   members.   in   this  

chapter   and   chapters   25   and   26   ,   we   turn   to   the   study   of   genes   in  

a   population   or   species.   the   field   of

population   genetics

  is   con-

cerned   with   changes   in   genetic   variation   within   a   group   of   indi-

viduals   over   time.   population   geneticists   want   to   know   the   extent  

of   genetic   variation   within   populations,   why   it   exists,   and   how   it  

changes   over   the   course   of   many   generations.   the   field   of   popu-

lation   genetics   emerged   as   a   branch   of   genetics   in   the   1920s   and  

1930s.   its   mathematical   foundations   were   developed   by   theoreti-

cians   who   extended   the   principles   of   gregor   mendel   and   charles  

darwin   by   deriving   formulas   to   explain   the   occurrence   of   geno-

types   within   populations.   these   foundations   can   be   largely   attrib-

uted to three scientists: sir ronald fisher, sewall wright, and j. b. s.

haldane.   as   we   will   see,   support   for   their   mathematical   theories  

was provided by several researchers who analyzed the genetic com-

position   of   natural   and   experimental   populations.   more   recently,  

population   geneticists   have   used   techniques   to   probe   genetic  

variation   at   the   molecular   level.   in   addition,   staggering   advances  

in   computer   technology   have   aided   population   geneticists   in   the  

analysis   of   their   genetic   theories   and   data.   in   this   chapter,   we   will  

explore   the   genetic   variation   that   occurs   in   populations   and   con-

sider   the   reasons   why   the   genetic   composition   of   populations   may  

change over the course of several generations