In a different plant species from the example given, flower color is controlled by two genes that contribute equally to pigmentation in the final flower color. the more "r" alleles, the more pigmentation, such that only plants with the genotype crcr drdr have red flowers, and only plants with the genotype cwcw dwdw have white flowers. plants with three "r" alleles produce 75% as much pigmentation as crcr drdr plants and have dark pink flowers. plants with three "w" alleles produce 25% as much pigmentation as crcr drdr plants and have light pink flowers. plants with an equal number of "r" and "w" alleles produce 50% as much pigmentation as crcr drdr plants and have pink flowers. a red flowering plant was mated to a white flowering plant and all of the f1 progeny had pink flowers. these pink flowered f1 plants were allowed to self-fertilize to produce f2 progeny. what is the genotype of the f1 plants that produced pink flowers? (hint: draw punnett squares to determine the f1 and f2 genotypes and phenotypes.)

Environmental science studies the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment, including their effects on all types of organisms. earth science (also known as geoscience), is an inclusive term for all sciences related to earth (geology, meteorology, oceanogr maphy, etc).  although environmental and earth science cover essentially the same material, environmental science places greater emphasis on the biological realm, while earth science places greater emphasis on the physical realm.    environmental and earth science study the interactions of four major systems or “spheres” (figure 8.6).  the  geosphere  consists of the core, mantle and crust of the earth.the  atmosphere  contains all of the earth’s air and is divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere.the  hydrosphere  contains all of the solid, liquid and gaseous water on earth, extending from the depths of the sea to the upper reaches of the troposphere where water is found.  ninety-seven percent of the hydrosphere is found in salty oceans, and the remainder is found as vapor or droplets in the atmosphere and as liquid in ground water, lakes, rivers, glaciers and snowfields.  the  biosphere  is the collection of all earth’s life forms, distributed in major life zones known as biomes:   tundra, boreal forest, temperate deciduous forest, temperate grassland, desert, savannah, tropical rainforest, chaparral, freshwater, and marine.although the four systems have their unique identities, there is substantial interaction between them.  environmental scientists study the effects of events in one sphere on the other spheres. for example, a volcanic eruption in the geosphere may cause profound direct and indirect effects on the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere as follows: example 1 (volcano)    on may 18, 1980, mount saint helens, in the state of washington, erupted.  this event altered the surrounding environment, and provided scientists with an opportunity to study the effects of volcanic eruptions on the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.  such studies are vital because volcanic eruptions will continue to occur, and will have increasing impact on humans as people continue to settle lands closer to dormant volcanoes. the following are but a few of the myriad of interactions resulting from a volcanic