Anew viral pathogen has emerged, and you have been asked to develop an elisa-based detection assay to the intact virions. in order to ensure that a mutation in a single surface protein does not render your assay obsolete, which of the following should you use?
a. fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish)
b. molecular beacons
c. monoclonal antibodies
d. polyclonal antibodies
e. subunit vaccine

The correct answer is option d. "Polyclonal antibodies".

Explanation:

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is very useful in comparison to other immunoassay methods for being highly accurate, sensitive and specific. Polyclonal antibodies for the detection step could be used on order to ensure that a mutation in a single surface protein would not make obsolete an ELISA used to detect a new viral pathogen. Unlike monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies are a collection of antibodies that recognize multiple epitopes of the same antigen. Therefore, a mutation in one epitope that affects the binding of one antibody would not affect the bind of the others and the ELISA will be able to recognize the pathogen.

the answer that best describes the relative refractory period in the neuron is the resting membrane potential is restored, but concentrations of sodium and potassium are not restored to their original state.

the refractory period is the time during which another stimulus given to the neuron will not lead to a second potential. thus, because na+ channels are inactivated during this time, additional depolarizing stimuli do not lead to new action potentials.  

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the relative standard reduction potential of the half-cell in which reduction occurs; more positive than the other half-cell. reduction is a chemical process in which electrons are added to an atom or an ion; it always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent.