The goldenrod gall-fly lays its eggs on the terminal buds of goldenrod plants. larvae chew through the buds and into the stems, where their saliva induces the plant to generate a gall, or outgrowth of tissue, that then provides food and shelter for the developing larva. the larvae are prey to both parasitoid wasps and to birds; wasps selectively prey on larvae inside the smallest galls while birds selectively prey on larvae inside the largest galls. goldenrod gall-flies are therefore subject to what selection?