Which phrase describes an abiotic factor?
a) amount of fungi on a dead tree
b)amount of oxygen in the water
c)types of birds in a forest
d) number of available mates

The abiotic factor is the amount of oxygen. Abiotic means non-living, and all the other answer choices reference living things.  

If you need more help, comment below and I'd be happy to assist.

The answer would be B). This is because it is the only answer that is nonliving and abiotic means not living.

you did not attach the discourse, but i assume it to be the discourse on the origin and basis of inequality among men (the original titile in french is: "discours sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes"), also know as "second discourse". in this discourse, jean-jacques rousseau emphasizes that private property is the basis of all inequalities.

therefore, what enabled the old regime to maintain as long as it did was private property.

the second type of galaxy is called a barred spiral, which has a thing called a bar straddling the nucleus