1. the kermode (spirit) bear sub-population of black bears is estimated to include ~1300 individuals that reside along the western coast of british columbia, canada. approximately 20 percent of the bears on princess royal & gribbell islands are white; the rest are black. assuming complete dominance of the black coat color, calculate the expected genotype frequencies, where b = black coat color, and w = white coat color. 2 points for each genotype frequency

Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype BB (p2) = 0.3025

Frequency of heterozygous dominant genotype Bb (2pq) = 0.495

Frequency of homozygous recessive genotype (white) in the population = 0.2

Explanation:

20% of the bears are white.

20% of 1300 = 260

Frequency of homozygous recessive genotype (white) in the population (q2)= 260 /1300= 0.2

Frequency of recessive allele W (q) = square root of 0.2 =  0.45

Since p+q =1

Frequency of dominant allele B (p)= 1-0.45 = 0.55

Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype BB (p2) = 0.55 x  0.55 = 0.3025

Frequency of heterozygous dominant genotype Bb (2pq) = 2 x 0.55 x 0.45 = 0.495

the dna molecules have a negative charge because of the phosphate groups in their sugar-phosphate backbone, so they start moving through the matrix of the gel towards the positive pole. power is turned on and dna fragments migrate through gel (towards the positive electrode).

explanation: