Plants typical of the tundra are very short in stature or height. what is advantageous about this so called 'cushion plant form found in the tundra, relative to a tall plant?
a. wind speeds are lower closer to the ground, reducing convective heat loss from plants
b. daytime air temperatures are usually higher closer to the ground, leading to higher convective heat gain by leaves
c. daytime conductive heat gain from adjacent ground surface would be greater
d. all the above
e. b and c

c. daytime conductive heat gain from adjacent ground surface would be greater

Explanation:

The plants in the tundra had to adapt to survive so they became short and developed closer together, this can create a sort of cushion that locks in the heat that the sun can provide, conductive heat from the adjacent soil is also taken advantage of and the leaves on the plant absorbe as much heat from the sunlight as they can, growin closer together also helps them mantain the heat.

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