All living things bear the basic similarities (shared characteristics of life) because of

a. proteins
b. dna
c. the central dogma
d. evolution

DNA.

Explanation:

DNA is present as the genetic material of almost all the living organism except some viruses. DNA by the process of transcription and translation encodes for the particular protein.

All living things have basic properties of life due to the presence of DNA. The basic structure of DNA is similar in all organism. Four nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine is present in DNA and the deoxyribose sugar.

Thus, the answer is DNA.

ans.

gregor john mendel is known for study of inheritance in pea plants. he used garden pea plant for his study, having alternative traits for various characters. he performed cross-breeding in pea plants to check how characters are transmitted between parents to offspring, such as cross between pure tall and pure dwarf plant. mendel studied the inheritance patterns in pea plants for various generations.

thus, the correct answer includes options and f).