Which of the following is least likely to be important in holding the components of a biological membrane together?
a. hydrophobic interactions among the fatty acid tails of phospholipids on the same side of the membrane
b. hydrophobic interactions between the phospholipid tails and the surface of integral membrane proteins buried in the membrane
c. polar interactions among the phospholipid head groups on the same surface of the membrane
d. hydrophobic interactions among the fatty acid tails of phospholipids on opposite sides of the membrane
e. covalent interactions between the phospholipid and protein components of the membrane

Read the following scenario to answer the following question. over the past 60 years, many amphibian species have experienced significant population declines, and some species have become extinct. scientists suspected that local human activities such as the destruction of wetlands, regional pollution, and deforestation were the main reasons for these losses. however, research over the past 20 years reveals significant amphibian population declines in protected areas of the world, such as nature preserves and parks. these global declines suggest widespread problems including increased ultraviolet radiation, acid rain, and disease. in switzerland, for example, 14 of the 20 native amphibian species are threatened with extinction. when most populations of a wide-ranging amphibian species are lost and the few remaining populations are widely separated, we expect to see that a. the founder effect becomes increasingly important b. microevolution no longer occurs c. gene flow between populations is reduced d. artificial selection becomes a greater factor in microevolution

What are genotypes? what are phenotypes?

Study the diagram of a cell. which structure is found only in plant cells and functions in the process of photosynthesis? w x y z