The physiology of working memory has been studied using
1)brain lesions in monkeys,
2)neural recording from monkeys, and
3)brain imaging in humans.
what do the results of each of these procedures tell us about working memory and the brain?

1. Brain lesions in monkeys.

Explanation:

Researchers back in the 1930s found that lesions in the prefrontal cortex of monkeys reduced the ability of their working memory to function properly in space-related situations.

Conversely, neural recording from monkeys implies that researchers somehow recorded the neural activity from the monkeys when it is the brain of the monkeys that "records" or remembers the actions in the experiment. Working memory has to do with what was previously teferred to as "short-term memory" but with a change in meaning. Working memory now implies the manipulation of information rather than simply storing it, commonly only for a few seconds.

the endomembrane system is a series of compartments that work together to package, label, and ship proteins and molecules. in your cells, the endomembrane system is made up of both the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus. these compartments are folds of membranes that form tubes and sacs in your cells.

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.