Draw the structures of the two deoxyribonucleotidesbase pairs, c-g, and a-t. draw c and a on the left. include both the sugar and the 5’ phosphate. indicate the watson-crick-franklin base-pairing we learned in class. identify where you would find the major and minor grooves, if these base pairs were in the context of dsdna. identify the h-bonding patterns in the major and minor grooves (i. e. which parts of the major and minor grooves would be h-bond acceptors and h-bond donors? )

Explain how organisms could be harmed by high levels of salt from roadways?

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

Which of the following factors would not contribute to allopatric speciation? a) a population becomes geographically isolated from the parent population.b) the separated population is small, and genetic drift occurs.c) the isolated population is exposed to different selection pressures than the ancestral population.d) different mutations begin to distinguish the gene pools of the separated populations.e) gene flow between the two populations is extensive.