6. what adsorbs last to a biomaterial surface? a. stable/hard proteins with a low concentration b. unstable/soft proteins (that rapidly unfold) with a high concentration c. stable/hard proteins with a high concentration d. ions (if material is electrostatically charged) e. they all adsorb at the same rate

Option E, They all adsorb at the same rate

Explanation:

The following properties of bio-material surface influence the  intake of proteins, ions, and other metallic and non-metallic ion or molecule.

a) geometric - the surface area of substrate makes an impact while interacting with proteins. Those surface areas that have  grooves or pores provide greater surface area for interaction

b) chemical - chemical composition of functional species determine whether they will interact with with biomolecules or not

c) electrical - Like wise ionized surface of bio material prefer charged  substrate for interaction

Thus, bio-material will absorb all the bio- material at the same based on the type of bio-material and the substrate.

Hence, option E is correct

it provides an alternative energy pathway for the reaction to proceed.

a catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but is not consumed during the course of the reaction.

catalysts increase the rate of reaction without being used up. they do this by lowering the activation energy needed. with a catalyst, more collisions result in a reaction, so the rate of reaction increases. different reactions need different catalysts.

a catalyst works by providing an alternative reaction pathway to the reaction product. the rate of the reaction is increased as this alternative route has a lower activation energy than the reaction route not mediated by the catalyst.

the oldest known insects are believed to live around 400 millions ago as suggested by the fossil records.   some plants having woody stems also evolved during this time.

after the evolution of insects the first four legged species or the tetrapods evolved in shallow freshwater habitats from the intermediate species approximately 397 million years ago. the tetrapods went on conquering the land giving rise to amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds.

the major split in tetrapods first occurred 340 million years ago branching off from amphibians.

363 million years ago when the carboniferous period began the insects started roaming on land and taking flights, following which the four limbed tetrapods adapted in the terrestrial habitat.