How do different types of mutations
possibly result in a phenotypic change?

Different type of mutation cause phenotypic change by addition,deletion or substitution of amino acids in an open reading frame of mRNA.

Explanation:

Mutation can be defined as alteration in nucleotide sequence of target DNA molecule.Which force the mutated DNA to undergo phenotypic change resulting in the formation of abnormal protein or disease causing protein.

  Foe example When the β6 glutamic acid of hemoglobin is replaced by amino acid valine it result in the sickling of red blood cells that ultimately leads to the development of sickle cell anemia, a life threatening disease.

c. earths continental crust is thicker than its lithosphere.

because, the lithosphere is the outermost layer of the earth/ 100 km thick and is defined by its machanical properties.the lithosphere contains oceanic and continental crust that varies in age and thickness across locations and geologic time. the lithosphere is the coolest layer of the earth in terms of temperature. the term lithosphere should not be confused with the use of "geosphere" which is used to indicate all of earth systems, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere   and biosphere. the surface of the earth can be divided into the continental crust and the oceanic crust.   the continental crust is made mostly of granite while the oceanic crust is made of basalt. the average thickness of the continental crust is 25 miles and the average thickness of the oceanic crust is 5 miles.   three types of rock, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, make up the surface of the earth. that's why 3 option is preferable.